The goals of this paper are (1) to encourage scholars to engage in translational science by conducting research that responds to pressing social challenges, and (2) to provide concrete recommendations on how to incorporate such practices into their research programs. There is a growing push within the social sciences to conduct translational science that not only advances theory but also achieves real world impact. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11107-1. ![]() I discuss the implications of these findings for society's ability to work together toward common goals. Due to perceived polarization, people are less likely to believe that others can be trusted to do the right thing, which in turn decreases their willingness to cooperate for good causes. A belief that members of society share common values fosters social trust, but perceptions of partisan divisions and polarization make people less trusting of their fellow citizens. Using nationally representative panel data, as well as an original survey experiment, I find that perceived polarization directly undermines Americans' trust in each other. Trust in fellow citizens is the backbone of a well-functioning democracy, given its role in promoting social cohesion and facilitating collective action. This study examines the consequences of perceived polarization for levels of social trust in the United States. Such perceptions of polarization are widespread, but we do not know enough about their effects, especially those unrelated to political variables. Most Americans think that the country is politically divided and polarization will only get worse, not better. ![]() We also explore the challenges of durability and scalability, examine self-fulfilling polarization and interventions that backfire, and discuss future directions for reducing partisan animosity. Our review encompasses both interventions conducted as part of academic research projects, as well as real-world interventions led by practitioners in nonprofit organizations. We introduce the TRI framework for the three levels of interventions-Thoughts (correcting misconceptions, highlighting commonalities), Relationships (building dialogue skills, fostering positive contact), and Institutions (changing public discourse, transforming political structures)-and connect these levels by highlighting the importance of motivation and mobilization. Here we provide a multi-level review of interventions designed to improve partisan animosity, which we define as negative thoughts, feelings, and behaviors towards a political outgroup. Rising partisan animosity is linked to less support for democracy and more support for political violence.
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